Dubliners is a collection of 15 short stories by James Joyce, first published. In Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce's novel Ulysses.

.The Odyssey (;: Ὀδύσσεια, Odýsseia;: ) is one of two major ancient attributed to. It is, in part, a sequel to the, the other Homeric epic. The Odyssey is a fundamental work in the modern, being the oldest of, second to the Iliad. Scholars believe the Odyssey was composed near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere in, the Greek coastal region of.The poem mainly focuses on the (known as in myth), king of, and his journey home after the fall of. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach Ithaca after the ten-year. In his absence, Odysseus is assumed to have died, due to which his wife and son must deal with a group of unruly suitors, the Mnesteres (: Μνηστῆρες) or, who compete for Penelope's hand in marriage.The work continues to be read in the and translated into modern languages around the world. Many scholars believe the original poem was composed in an by an (epic poet/singer), perhaps a (professional performer), and was more likely intended to be heard than read.

The details of the ancient oral performance and the story's conversion to a written work inspire continual debate among scholars.The Odyssey was written in a poetic dialect of Greek—a literary amalgam of, and other —comprising 12,110 lines of. Among the most noteworthy elements of the text are its plot, and the influence on events of choices made by women and slaves, besides the actions of fighting men. In the, as well as many others, the word has come to refer to an epic voyage.The Odyssey has a lost sequel, the, which was not attributed to Homer, but rather, in antiquity, to. In one sourcethe Telegony is said to have been stolen from by either Eugamon or (see ).

A depicting, from the villa of, Spain, late 4th-5th centuries ADThe Odyssey begins after the end of the ten-year (the subject of the ), from which, king of, has still not returned due to angering the, god of the sea. Odysseus' son, is about 20 years old and is sharing his absent father's house on the island of Ithaca with his mother and 'the Suitors,' a crowd of 108 boisterous young men who each aim to persuade Penelope for her hand in marriage, all the while reveling in the king's palace and eating up his wealth.Odysseus' protectress, the goddess, asks, king of the, to finally allow Odysseus to return home when Poseidon, who will be gone to accept a sacrifice in, is absent from. Then, disguised as a chieftain named, Athena visits Telemachus to urge him to search for news of his father. He offers her hospitality; they observe the suitors dining rowdily while, the, performs a narrative poem for them. Penelope objects to Phemius' theme, the 'Return from Troy', because it reminds her of her missing husband, but Telemachus rebuts her objections, asserting his role as head of the household.That night, Athena, disguised as Telemachus, finds a ship and crew for the true prince. The next morning, Telemachus calls an assembly of citizens of Ithaca to discuss what should be done with the insolent suitors, who then scoff at Telemachus—especially their leaders,.

Accompanied by Athena (now disguised as ), the son of Odysseus departs for the Greek mainland, to the household of, most venerable of the Greek warriors at Troy, who resided in after the war.From there, Telemachus rides overland to, accompanied by Nestor's son,. There he finds and, who are now reconciled. While Helen laments the fit of lust brought on by Aphrodite that sent her to Troy with, Menelaus recounts how she betrayed the Greeks by attempting to imitate the voices of the soldiers' wives while they were inside the. Telemachus also hears from Helen, who is the first to recognize him, that she pities him because Odysseus was not there for him in his childhood because he went to Troy to fight for her and also about his exploit of stealing the (or the Luck of Troy), where she was the only one to recognize him. Menelaus, meanwhile, also praises Odysseus as an irreproachable comrade and friend, lamenting the fact that they were not only unable to return together from Troy but that Odysseus is yet to return.Both Helen and Menelaus also say that they returned to Sparta after a long voyage by way of.

There, on the island of, Menelaus encounters the old sea-god, who told him that Odysseus was a captive of the nymph. Incidentally, Telemachus learns the fate of Menelaus' brother, king of and leader of the Greeks at Troy: he was murdered on his return home by his wife and her lover. The story briefly shifts to the suitors, who have only just now realized that Telemachus is gone. Angry, they formulate a plan to ambush his ship and kill him as he sails back home.

Penelope overhears their plot and worries for her son's safety.Escape to the Phaeacians. AndThe second part of the epic recounts the story of Odysseus. In the course of his seven years in captivity of on the island of, she has fallen deeply in love with him, even though he has consistently spurned her offer of immortality as her husband and still mourns for home. She is ordered to release him by the messenger god, who has been sent by in response to 's plea.

Odysseus builds a raft and is given clothing, food, and drink by Calypso. When Poseidon learns that Odysseus has escaped, he wrecks the raft but, helped by a veil given by the sea nymph, Odysseus swims ashore on, the island of the Phaeacians. Naked and exhausted, he hides in a pile of leaves and falls asleep.The next morning, awakened by the laughter of girls, he sees the young, who has gone to the seashore with her maids to wash clothes after Athena told her in a dream to do so. He appeals to her for help. She encourages him to seek the hospitality of her parents, and (or Alkinous). Odysseus is welcomed and is not at first asked for his name, but Alcinous promises to provide him a ship to return him to his home country.He remains for several days, and is goaded into taking part in a by the taunts of, impressing the Phaeacians with his incredible athletic ability.

Afterwards, he hears the blind singer perform two narrative poems. The first is an otherwise obscure incident of the Trojan War, the 'Quarrel of Odysseus and;' the second is the amusing tale of a love affair between two Olympian gods,. Finally, Odysseus asks Demodocus to return to the Trojan War theme and tell of the, a stratagem in which Odysseus had played a leading role. Unable to hide his emotion as he relives this episode, Odysseus at last reveals his identity. He then begins to tell the story of his return from Troy.Odysseus' account of his adventures. Odysseus Overcome by ' Song, by, 1813–15Odysseus goes back in time and recounts his story to the Phaeacians. After a failed piratical raid on in the land of the, Odysseus and his twelve ships were driven off course by storms.

Odysseus visited the lethargic who gave his men their fruit that caused them to forget their homecoming, so Odysseus had to drag them back to the ship by force.Afterwards, Odysseus and his men landed on a lush, uninhabited island near the land of the. The men then landed on shore and entered the cave of, where they found all the cheeses and meat they desired. Upon returning home, Polyphemus sealed the entrance with a massive boulder and proceeded to eat Odysseus' men. Odysseus devised an escape plan in which he, identifying himself as 'Nobody,' plied Polyphemus with wine and blinded him with a wooden stake. When Polyphemus cried out, his neighbors left after Polyphemus claimed that 'Nobody' had attacked him. Odysseus and his men finally escaped the cave by hiding on the underbellies of the sheep as they were let out of the cave.While they were escaping, however, Odysseus foolishly taunted Polyphemus and revealed his true identity.

Recalling that had been prophesied by appeals to his father Poseidon, Polyphemus prayed to him, asking him to curse Odysseus to wander the sea for ten years, during which he would lose all his crew and return home through the aid of others. After the escape, Odysseus and his crew stayed with, a king endowed by the gods with the winds. He gave Odysseus a leather bag containing all the winds, except the west wind, a gift that should have ensured a safe return home. Just as Ithaca came into sight, the greedy sailors naively opened the bag while Odysseus slept, thinking it contained gold. All of the winds flew out and the resulting storm drove the ships back the way they had come. Aeolus, recognizing that Odysseus has drawn the ire of the gods, refused to further assist him.The men then re-embarked and encountered the cannibalistic.

All of Odysseus' ships except his own entered the harbor of the Laestrygonians' Island and were immediately destroyed. He sailed on and reached the island of where he visited the witch-goddess, daughter of the sun-god.

She turned half of his men into swine after feeding them drugged cheese and wine. Hermes warned Odysseus about Circe and gave Odysseus an herb called which gave him resistance to Circe's magic. Odysseus forced the now-powerless Circe to change his men back to their human form, and was subsequently seduced by her.They remained with her on the island for one year, while they feasted and drank. Finally, guided by Circe's instructions, Odysseus and his crew crossed the ocean and reached a harbor at the western edge of the world, where Odysseus sacrificed to the dead. He first encountered the spirit of, a crewman who had gotten drunk and fallen from a roof to his death on Aeaea.

Elpenor's ghost told Odysseus to bury his body, which Odysseus promised to do. Odysseus then summoned the spirit of the prophet for advice on how to appease Poseidon upon his return home, and was told that he may return home if he is able to stay himself and his crew from eating the sacred livestock of on the island of and that failure to do so would result in the loss of his ship and his entire crew. Next Odysseus met the spirit of his own mother, who had died of grief during his long absence. From her, he got his first news of his own household, threatened by the greed of the Suitors. Finally, he met the spirits of famous men and women. Notably, he encountered the spirit of Agamemnon, of whose murder he now learned, and Achilles, who lamented the woes of the land of the dead but was comforted in hearing of the success of his son (for Odysseus' encounter with the dead, see also ).

Odysseus and the Sirens, eponymous vase of the, c. 480-470 BC Returning to Aeaea, they buried Elpenor and were advised by Circe on the remaining stages of the journey. They skirted the land of the, who sang an enchanting song that normally caused passing sailors to steer toward the rocks, only to hit them and sink. All of the sailors had their ears plugged up with beeswax, except for Odysseus, who was tied to the mast as he wanted to hear the song.

He told his sailors not to untie him as it would only make him want to drown himself. They then passed between the six-headed monster and the whirlpool, narrowly avoiding death, even though Scylla snatched up six men.Next, they landed on the island of, with the crew overriding Odysseus's wishes to remain away from the island. Zeus caused a storm which prevented them leaving, causing them to deplete the food given to them by Circe. While Odysseus was away praying, his men ignored the warnings of Tiresias and Circe and hunted the sacred cattle of Helios. The Sun God insisted that Zeus punish the men for this sacrilege.

They suffered a shipwreck as they were driven towards Charybdis, and all but Odysseus were drowned. Odysseus clung to a fig tree above Charybdis. Washed ashore on the island of, he was compelled to remain there as Calypso's lover, bored, homesick and trapped on her small island, until she was ordered by Zeus, via Hermes, to release Odysseus.Odysseus did not realise how long it would take to get home to his family.Return to Ithaca. Revealing Ithaca to Ulysses by (18th century)Having listened with rapt attention to his story, the agree to provide Odysseus with more treasure than he would have received from the spoils of Troy.

They deliver him at night, while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbour on Ithaca. Poseidon, offended that the Phaeacians have returned Odysseus home, destroys the Phaeacian ship on its return voyage, and the city sacrifices to Poseidon and agrees to stop giving escorts to strangers to appease him.Odysseus awakens and believes that he has been dropped on a distant land before Athena appears to him and reveals that he is indeed on Ithaca.

She then hides his treasure in a nearby cave and disguises him as an elderly beggar so he can see how things stand in his household. He finds his way to the hut of one of his own slaves, the swineherd, who treats him hospitably and speaks favorably of Odysseus.

After dinner, the disguised Odysseus tells the farm laborers a fictitious tale of himself: he was born in, had led a party of Cretans to fight alongside other Greeks in the Trojan War, and had then spent seven years at the court of the king of Egypt, finally shipwrecking in and crossing from there to Ithaca. He further promises the men of the return of Odysseus, but his promises are wearily discounted by the men.Meanwhile, Telemachus sails home from Sparta, evading an ambush set by the Suitors. He disembarks on the coast of Ithaca and makes for Eumaeus's hut. Father and son meet; Odysseus identifies himself to Telemachus (but still not to Eumaeus), and they decide that the Suitors must be killed. Telemachus goes home first. Accompanied by Eumaeus, Odysseus returns to his own house, still pretending to be a beggar.

When Odysseus' dog (who was a puppy before he left) sees him, he becomes so excited that he dies. He is ridiculed by the Suitors in his own home, especially by one of their leaders, an extremely impertinent man named. Odysseus meets Penelope and tests her intentions by saying he once met Odysseus in Crete. Closely questioned, he adds that he had recently been in Thesprotia and had learned something there of Odysseus's recent wanderings.Odysseus's identity is discovered by the housekeeper, when she recognizes an old scar as she is washing his feet. Eurycleia tries to tell Penelope about the beggar's true identity, but Athena makes sure that Penelope cannot hear her.

Odysseus then swears Eurycleia to secrecy.Slaying of the Suitors. Terracotta plaque of the Mesopotamian ogre, believed to be a possible inspiration for the figure ofScholars have seen strong influences from Near Eastern mythology and literature in the Odyssey. Has noted substantial parallels between the and the Odyssey. Both Odysseus and are known for traveling to the ends of the earth, and on their journeys go to the land of the dead. On his voyage to the underworld, Odysseus follows instructions given to him. Her island, is located at the edges of the world and seems to have close associations with the sun.

Like Odysseus, Gilgamesh gets directions on how to reach the land of the dead from a divine helper: in this case, the goddess, who, like, dwells by the sea at the ends of the earth. Her home is also associated with the sun: Gilgamesh reaches Siduri's house by passing through a tunnel underneath Mt., the high mountain from which the sun comes into the sky.

West argues that the similarity of Odysseus' and Gilgamesh's journeys to the edges of the earth are the result of the influence of the Gilgamesh epic upon the Odyssey.In 1914, surmised the origins of the Cyclops to be the result of ancient Greeks finding an elephant skull. The enormous nasal passage in the middle of the forehead could have looked like the eye socket of a giant, to those who had never seen a living elephant. Classical scholars, on the other hand, have long realized that the story of the Cyclops was originally a, which existed independently of the Odyssey and which only became embedded in it at a later date. Similar stories are found in cultures across Europe and the Middle East.: 127-31 According to this explanation, the Cyclops was originally simply a giant or ogre, much like in the Epic of Gilgamesh.: 127-31 The detail about it having one eye was simply invented in order to explain how the creature was so easily blinded.: 124-5. Themes and patterns Type scenesoccur in the Odyssey when a character discovers another character within the epic. Finding scenes proceed as followed:. The character encounters or finds another character.

The encountered character is identified and described. The character approaches and then converses with the found character.These finding scenes can be identified several times throughout the epic including when Telemachus and find when Calypso finds Odysseus on the beach, and when the suitor finds Agamemnon in Hades. Penelope questions Odysseus to prove his identity.Another theme throughout the Odyssey is testing.

This occurs in two distinct ways. Odysseus tests the loyalty of others and others test Odysseus' identity.

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An example of Odysseus testing the loyalties of others is when he returns home. Instead of immediately revealing his identity, he arrives disguised as a beggar and then proceeds to determine who in his house has remained loyal to him and who has helped the suitors. After Odysseus reveals his true identity, the characters test Odysseus' identity to see if he really is who he says he is. For instance, Penelope tests Odysseus' identity by saying that she will move the bed into the other room for him. This is a difficult task since it is made out of a living tree that would require being cut down, a fact that only the real Odysseus would know, thus proving his identity.

For more information on the progression of testing type scenes, read more below.Testing also has a very specific that accompanies it as well. Throughout the epic, the testing of others follows a typical pattern. This pattern is:. Odysseus is hesitant to question the loyalties of others. Odysseus tests the loyalties of others by questioning them. The characters reply to Odysseus' questions.

Odysseus proceeds to reveal his identity. The characters test Odysseus' identity. There is a rise of emotions associated with Odysseus' recognition, usually lament or joy. Finally, the reconciled characters work together.Omens. Odysseus and Eurycleia byOmens occur frequently throughout the Odyssey, as well as in many other epics. Within the Odyssey, omens frequently involve birds.

It is important to note who receives the omens and what these omens mean to the characters and to the epic as a whole. For instance, bird omens are shown to Telemachus, Penelope, Odysseus, and the suitors. Telemachus and Penelope receive their omens as well in the form of words, sneezes, and dreams. However, Odysseus is the only character who receives thunder or lightning as an omen.

This is important to note because the thunder came from Zeus, the king of the gods. This direct relationship between Zeus and Odysseus represents the kingship of Odysseus.Omens are another example of a in the Odyssey. Two important parts of an omen type scene are the recognition of the omen, followed by its interpretation. In the Odyssey, all of the bird omens—with the exception of the first one in the epic—show large birds attacking smaller birds. Accompanying each omen is a wish which can be either explicitly stated or only implied. For example, Telemachus wishes for vengeance and for Odysseus to be home, Penelope wishes for Odysseus' return, and the suitors wish for the death of Telemachus.

The omens seen in the Odyssey are also a recurring theme throughout the epic. Textual historySince the late 19th century many papyrus containing parts or even entire chapters have been found in Egypt, with content different from later medieval versions.In 2018, the revealed the discovery of a clay tablet near the, containing 13 verses from the Odyssey's 14th Rhapsody to. While it was initially reported to date from the 3rd century AD, the date still needs to be confirmed. In pop culture. Front cover of 'sThe Odyssey is regarded as one of the most important foundational works of. It is widely regarded by western literary critics as a timeless classic. Straightforward retellings of the Odyssey have flourished ever since the.

Other authors have composed more creative reworkings of the poem, often updated to address contemporary themes and concerns. In 2018, Culture polled experts around the world to nominate the stories they felt had shaped mindsets or influenced history. Odyssey topped the list. Literature. Merugud Uilix maicc Leirtis ('On the Wandering of Ulysses, son of Laertes') is an eccentric version of the material, which exists in a 12th-century AD that linguists believe is based on an 8th-century original.

The first of 's (1917) is both a translation and a retelling of Odysseus'. The poem ' by is narrated by an aged Ulysses who is determined to continue to live life to the fullest.

's novel (1922) is a retelling of the Odyssey set in modern-day. (Argos, the dog, dies): ' autik' idont' Odusea eeikosto eniauto' 'seeing Odysseus again in the twentieth year',. This theme once existed in the form of another epic, of which only fragments remain. 'Lucian of Samosata, the Greco-Syrian satirist of the second century, appears today as an exemplar of the science-fiction artist. There is little, if any, need to argue that his mythopoeic Milesian Tales and his literary fantastic voyages and utopistic hyperbole comport with the genre of science fiction.'

(Swanson, Roy Arthur)Citations.

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